A comparison of fractal dimension estimators based on multiple surface generation algorithms. Journal of Coastal Research, SI( 53), 6–15. A multiscale analysis of coral reef topographic complexity using lidar-derived bathymetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 233, 65–79. Effects of shelter and predators on reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 199, 17–28. Hydromechanical boundary layers over a coral reef. Journal of Coastal Research, SI( 53), 27–38. Using lidar bathymetry and boosted regression trees to predict the diversity and abundance of fish and corals. Characterization of Navassa National Wildlife Refuge: a preliminary report for NF-06-05 (NOAA ship Nancy Foster, April 18–30, 2006). Observations of bed roughness of a coral reef. Geological Survey Professional Paper 260-C, 275–280. Adjustment of Bikini Atoll to ocean waves. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 39, 37–55. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 112, 87–96. Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 127–133. Morphogenesis of the branching reef coral Madracis mirabilis. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 319, 117–127. Scleractinian corals as facilitators for other invertebrates on a Caribbean reef. A physical derivation of nutrient-uptake rates in coral reefs: effects of roughness and waves. Limnology and Oceanography-Methods, 3, 203–210. Measuring surface complexity in ecological studies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 224, 1–30.įrost, N. Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef. Surface area in ecological analysis: quantification of benthic coral-reef algae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 255(2), 133–152.ĭahl, A. Structural complexity in mussel beds: the fractal geometry of surface topography. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40(1), 85–98.Ĭommito, J. Effects of substratum irregularity on success of coral settlement: quantification by comparative geomorphological techniques. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104(1), 31–42.Ĭarleton, J. Airborne lidar sensing of massive stony coral colonies on patch reefs in the Northern Florida Reef Tract. B., Hernandez, R., and Thompson, P., 2006. Lidar optical rugosity of coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, Florida. First, the legend or information around the rim of the map may say something like “contour interval = 20 feet” or “contour interval = 20 meters.” Maps that use units of feet for elevation may mark contour lines with units such as 400′. There are a couple of clues that will help you determine the elevation units on a map. However, international maps and maps of elevation of the ocean floor (bathymetry) are often marked in meters. In the US, standard topographic maps have elevation marked in feet above mean (average) sea level. If a point is halfway between two contour lines, it will be about halfway between the elevations of those two contour lines. The elevation of a point located in between two contour lines can be estimated by interpolating between the lines. The elevation of an unlabeled contour line can be determined by knowing the contour interval and looking at adjacent contour lines. To avoid clutter, not every contour is labeled. The elevation for each contour line is sometimes marked on the line. The contour interval is the difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines. On topographic maps, each contour line connects points at the same elevation. A portion of a topographic map, including the contour interval label. We will use many of these concepts in this module.įigure 6 shows a portion of a modern topographic map. Watch this video which explains many of the concepts of contour lines.
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